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In order to minimise regrowth and hence avoid exceeding discharge limits, different criteria such as duration of the journey, ballast water tanks capacity and water flow rate at intake and discharge, among others, should be considered when choosing an appropriate type-approved ballast water treatment system (BWTS).
Therefore ongoing research attempts to find water treatment systems that kill invasive species, while not having a destructive effect on the ballast tank coatings. [6] As double-hulled tankers were introduced it meant that there was more ballast tank area had to be coated and therefore a greater capital investment for ship owners.
The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (Ballast Water Management Convention or BWM Convention) is a 2004 international maritime treaty which requires signatory flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with standards and procedures for the management and control of ships' ballast water and sediments. [2]
The Convention will require all ships to implement a "Ballast water management plan" including a ballast water record book and carrying out ballast water management procedures to a given standard. Guidelines are given for additional measures then the guidelines. The goals of the convention are to minimise damage to the environment by:
The ballast water management standards will be phased in over a period of time. As an intermediate solution, ships should exchange ballast water mid-ocean. However, eventually most ships will need to install an on-board ballast water treatment system. [7] A number of guidelines have been developed to help implement the convention.
The Coast Guard issued ballast water regulations, pursuant to NISA, in 2012. [12] The Coast Guard requires ballast water treatment systems [13] [14] and began approving these systems in 2016. [15] The requirements generally apply to all non-recreational vessels equipped with ballast tanks. [16]
The same report lists the following as some drawbacks to the double-hull design, including more expensive to build, [11] higher canal and port expenses, [11] ballast tank ventilation difficult, [11] ballast tanks need continual monitoring and maintenance, [11] increased transverse free surface, [11] more surfaces to maintain, [11] explosion ...
The RBC process allows the wastewater to come in contact with a biological film in order to remove pollutants in the wastewater before discharge of the treated wastewater to the environment, usually a body of water (river, lake or ocean). A rotating biological contactor is a type of secondary (biological) treatment process.
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