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  2. Phosphorylation cascade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation_cascade

    The end product of a phosphorylation cascade is the changes occurring inside the cell. One best example that explains this phenomenon is mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase or ERK kinase . [ 1 ] MAP kinase not only plays an important function during growth of cell in the M phase phosphorylation cascade but also plays an important role during ...

  3. Phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation

    The cascade effect of phosphorylation eventually causes instability and allows enzymes to open the carbon bonds in glucose. Phosphorylation functions is an extremely vital component of glycolysis, as it helps in transport, control, and efficiency. [8]

  4. Biochemical cascade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade

    This complex is regulated by phosphorylation, which leads to downregulation of adhesion. Several factors can induce the phosphorylation, like EGF, HGF or v-Src. The cadherin pathway also has an important function in survival and proliferation because it regulates the concentration of cytoplasmic β-catenin.

  5. Protein phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphorylation

    Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or otherwise modifying its ...

  6. MAPK/ERK pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway

    As discussed below, many additional targets for phosphorylation by MAPK were later found, and the protein was renamed "mitogen-activated protein kinase" (MAPK). The series of kinases from RAF to MEK to MAPK is an example of a protein kinase cascade. Such series of kinases provide opportunities for feedback regulation and signal amplification.

  7. Kinase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase

    Dihydroxyacetone kinase in complex with a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog (AMP-PNP). Coordinates from PDB ID:1UN9. [1]In biochemistry, a kinase (/ ˈ k aɪ n eɪ s, ˈ k ɪ n eɪ s,-eɪ z /) [2] is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.

  8. Glycogen phosphorylase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase

    PP1 dephosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase a, reforming the inactive glycogen phosphorylase b. The phosphodiesterase converts cAMP to AMP. Together, they decrease the concentration of cAMP and inhibit PKA. As a result, PKA can no longer initiate the phosphorylation cascade that ends with formation of (active) glycogen phosphorylase a.

  9. Upstream and downstream (transduction) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream...

    The extracellular type II and type I kinase receptors binding to the TGF-β ligands. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a superfamily of cytokines that play a significant upstream role in regulating of morphogenesis, homeostasis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. [2]