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  2. Phosphorylation cascade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation_cascade

    Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation summary. A phosphorylation cascade is a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. This can be seen in signal transduction of hormone messages.

  3. Phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation

    The cascade effect of phosphorylation eventually causes instability and allows enzymes to open the carbon bonds in glucose. Phosphorylation functions is an extremely vital component of glycolysis, as it helps in transport, control, and efficiency.

  4. Protein phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_phosphorylation

    Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or otherwise modifying its ...

  5. Upstream and downstream (transduction) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream...

    Receptors and ligands exist in many different forms, and only recognize/bond to particular molecules. Upstream extracellular signaling transduce a variety of intracellular cascades. [1] Receptors and ligands are common upstream signaling molecules that dictate the downstream elements of the signal pathway. A plethora of different factors affect ...

  6. Biochemical cascade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade

    These proteins after phosphorylation become activated and allow binding of others enzymes that continue the biochemical cascade. [ 4 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] One example of a protein that binds to adaptor proteins and become activated is PLC that is very important in the lymphocyte signal pathways.

  7. MAPK/ERK pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway

    As discussed below, many additional targets for phosphorylation by MAPK were later found, and the protein was renamed "mitogen-activated protein kinase" (MAPK). The series of kinases from RAF to MEK to MAPK is an example of a protein kinase cascade. Such series of kinases provide opportunities for feedback regulation and signal amplification.

  8. Crosstalk (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk_(biology)

    Phosphorylation of this third site by PKAs from the cAMP pathway inhibits binding of MAP kinases to HePTP and thereby upregulates the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade. The MAPK pathway, through Ras, Raf, Mek, and Erk, shows low activity in the presence of unphosphorylated (active) HePTP.

  9. JAK-STAT signaling pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway

    Serine phosphorylation of STATs has been shown to reduce gene transcription. [14] It is also required for the transcription of some target genes of the cytokines IL-6 and IFN- γ. [11] It has been proposed that phosphorylation of serine can regulate STAT1 dimerization, [11] and that continuous serine phosphorylation on STAT3 influences cell ...