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Inhalation is a major route of exposure that occurs when an individual breathes in polluted air which enters the respiratory tract. Identification of the pollutant uptake by the respiratory system can determine how the resulting exposure contributes to the dose. In this way, the mechanism of pollutant uptake by the respiratory system can be ...
Acute inhalation injury may result from frequent and widespread use of household cleaning agents and industrial gases (including chlorine and ammonia).The airways and lungs receive continuous first-pass exposure to non-toxic and irritant or toxic gases via inhalation.
Nitrogen dioxide inhalation can result in short and long-term morbidity or death depending on the extent of exposure and inhaled concentration and the exposure time. Illness resulting from acute exposure is usually not fatal although some exposure may cause bronchiolitis obliterans, pulmonary edema as well as rapid asphyxiation. [40]
Chlorine gas poisoning is an illness resulting from the effects of exposure to chlorine beyond the threshold limit value.Acute chlorine gas poisoning primarily affects the respiratory system, causing difficulty breathing, cough, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and sometimes skin irritation.
Inhalation begins with the contraction of the muscles attached to the rib cage; this causes an expansion in the chest cavity. Then takes place the onset of contraction of the thoracic diaphragm , which results in expansion of the intrapleural space and an increase in negative pressure according to Boyle's law .
Inhalation is a critical but understudied route of MNP exposure, with airborne MNPs originating from urban dust, synthetic fibers from textiles, rubber tires, and household plastic items. [ 17 ] [ 10 ] These airborne particles may become suspended in the air due to wave action in aquatic environments or the spread of wastewater treatment sludge ...
Hippuric acid has long been used as an indicator of toluene exposure; [14] however, there appears to be some doubt about its validity. [15] There is significant endogenous hippuric acid production by humans; which shows inter- and intra-individual variation influenced by factors such as diet, medical treatment, alcohol consumption, etc. [15] This suggests that hippuric acid may be an ...
Sensitizer-induced occupational asthma is an immunologic form of asthma which occurs due to inhalation of specific substances (i.e., high-molecular-weight proteins from plants and animal origins, or low-molecular-weight agents that include chemicals, metals and wood dusts) and occurs after a latency period of several weeks to years.