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Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
Phonemic awareness and phonological awareness are often confused since they are interdependent. Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate individual phonemes. Phonological awareness includes this ability, but it also includes the ability to hear and manipulate larger units of sound, such as onsets and rimes and syllables.
Phonemic awareness and the resulting knowledge of spoken language is the most important determinant of a child's early reading success. [21] Phonemic awareness is sometimes taught separately from phonics and at other times it is the result of phonics instruction (i.e. segmenting or blending phonemes with letters).
Phonemic awareness is a subset of phonological awareness that focuses specifically on recognizing and manipulating phonemes, the smallest units of sound. Phonics requires students to know and match letters or letter patterns with sounds, learn the rules of spelling, and use this information to decode (read) and encode (write) words.
At 2 years, infants show first signs of phonological awareness, i.e., they are interested in word play, rhyming, and alliterations. [1] Phonological awareness does continue to develop until the first years of school.
Performance in verbal fluency tests show a number of consistent characteristics in both children and adults: [13] [6] [14] A declining rate of production of new items over the duration of the task, which was long discussed as following either an exponential [15] or a hyperbolic [16] time course, [7] which finally could be shown to be special cases of a unifying power function (the fused ...