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In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
The metabolism of these cells produces CO 2, which is rapidly converted to H + and HCO − 3 through the action of carbonic anhydrase . [ 5 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] When the extracellular fluids tend towards acidity, the renal tubular cells secrete the H + ions into the tubular fluid from where they exit the body via the urine.
An example is the glucose symporter SGLT1, which co-transports one glucose (or galactose) molecule into the cell for every two sodium ions it imports into the cell. [27] This symporter is located in the small intestines, [28] heart, [29] and brain. [30] It is also located in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule in each nephron in the kidneys. [31]
Without regulation, proteases will destroy many proteins which are essential to physiological processes. One way the body regulates proteases is through protease inhibitors. Protease inhibitors can be other proteins, small peptides, or molecules. There are two types of protease inhibitors: reversible and irreversible.
For a cell to move, it is necessary to bring a fresh supply of "feet" (proteins called integrins, which attach a cell to the surface on which it is crawling) to the front. It is likely that these feet are endocytosed [ 21 ] toward the rear of the cell and brought to the cell's front by exocytosis, to be reused to form new attachments to the ...
One such response, specifically in eukaryotic cells, is to delay cell division—the cell becomes arrested for some time in the G2 phase before progressing through the rest of the cell cycle. Various studies have been conducted to elucidate the purpose of this G2 arrest that is induced by DNA damage.
Electrophoresis refers to the electromotive force (EMF) that is used to move the molecules through the gel matrix. By placing the molecules in wells in the gel and applying an electric field, the molecules will move through the matrix at different rates, determined largely by their mass when the charge-to-mass ratio (Z) of all species is uniform.
Perfusion is the passage of fluid through the blood vessels or natural channels of an organ or organism. In tissue fixation via perfusion, the fixative is pumped into the circulatory system, usually through a needle inserted into the left ventricle. This can be done via ultrasound guidance, or by opening the chest cavity of the subject. [8]