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  2. Cost distance analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_distance_analysis

    The primary data set used in cost distance analysis is the cost raster, sometimes called the cost-of-passage surface, [9] the friction image, [8] the cost-rate field, or cost surface. In most implementations, this is a raster grid , in which the value of each cell represents the cost (i.e., expended resources, such as time, money, or energy) of ...

  3. Bid rent theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid_rent_theory

    This can generally be shown in a "bid rent curve", based on the reasoning that the most accessible land, generally in the centre, is the most expensive land. Commerce (in particular large department stores and chain stores ) is willing to pay the greatest rent in order to be located in the inner core.

  4. Diminishing returns - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returns

    Similarly, if the third kilogram of seeds yields only a quarter ton, then the marginal cost equals per quarter ton or per ton, and the average cost is per 7/4 tons, or /7 per ton of output. Thus, diminishing marginal returns imply increasing marginal costs and increasing average costs. Cost is measured in terms of opportunity cost. In this case ...

  5. Factors of production - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factors_of_production

    In markets, entrepreneurs combine the other factors of production, land, labor, and capital, to make a profit. Often these entrepreneurs are seen as innovators, developing new ways to produce new products. In a planned economy, central planners decide how land, labor, and capital should be used to provide for maximum benefit for all citizens ...

  6. Land (economics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(economics)

    In economics, land comprises all naturally occurring resources as well as geographic land. Examples include particular geographical locations , mineral deposits , forests, fish stocks, atmospheric quality, geostationary orbits , and portions of the electromagnetic spectrum .

  7. Law of rent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_rent

    Finally, whenever land number 3 must be cultivated, the rent for land number 1 will be a rent of 20 units, and for land number 2, the rent will be 10. The profit will equal 80 units (profit made by the lowest quality). Eventually, all land is used except for the lowest quality land because workers will not work for a low wage. (Ricardo, 1817).

  8. Replacement value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replacement_value

    The term replacement cost or replacement value refers to the amount that an entity would have to pay to replace an asset at the present time, according to its current worth. [1] In the insurance industry, "replacement cost" or "replacement cost value" is one of several methods of determining the value of an insured item. Replacement cost is the ...

  9. Glossary of geography terms (A–M) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms...

    Also amphidrome and tidal node. A geographical location where there is little or no tide, i.e. where the tidal amplitude is zero or nearly zero because the height of sea level does not change appreciably over time (meaning there is no high tide or low tide), and around which a tidal crest circulates once per tidal period (approximately every 12 hours). Tidal amplitude increases, though not ...