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The pathogen requires pine and oak trees to complete its life cycle. Aecial hosts in North America are two- and three-needled Pinus species. Pinus hosts include Austrian , Jack pine (P. banksiana), Mugo pine , Red pine (P. resinosa), Ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa), and Scots pine (P. sylvestris). Telial hosts are Quercus species.
The life cycle stages begin with an egg, progressing to the larva, transforming into the pupa, and culminating in the adult beetle [2] Their life span typically lasts around 8 weeks. [7] The prevailing environmental and climatic conditions notably influence the ability of these beetles to complete multiple generations within a year.
A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus Pinus (/ ˈ p aɪ n ə s /) [2] of the family Pinaceae. Pinus is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae.. World Flora Online accepts 134 species-rank taxa (119 species and 15 nothospecies) of pines as current, with additional synonyms, [3] and Plants of the World Online 126 species-rank taxa (113 species and 13 nothospecies), [4] making it ...
Created Date: 8/30/2012 4:52:52 PM
The pine wilt nematode has a typical nematode life cycle, with four juvenile stages and an adult stage with both male and female individuals that reproduce sexually. The mycophagous phase of the life cycle takes place in dead or dying wood, where the nematodes live and feed upon fungi, rather than the wood itself. The nematode cannot travel ...
A lodgepole pine tree infested by the mountain pine beetle, with visible pitch tubes. Beetles develop through four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult.Except for a few days during the summer when adults emerge from brood trees and fly to attack new host trees, all life stages are spent beneath the bark.
The adult is a stout furry moth which holds its wings like a tent over the body, in the manner of the eggar moths (Lasiocampidae).The adult is larger than the oak processionary, Thaumetopoea processionea, has a crescent marking on the wings (unlike the pale eggar moth; the oak processionary has an indistinct marking), and is found in coniferous rather than broad-leaved forests.
In Europe, the larvae of Acantholyda erythrocephala are attacked by the parasitoid Tachinid fly Myxexoristops hertingi.In 2002, 2003 and 2004, in an effort to initiate a biological control programme in North America, pupae of this fly were imported from Italy and released in Ontario in an area of red pine (Pinus resinosa) infested with sawfly larvae.