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Erbium is a chemical element; it has symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white [ 7 ] solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements. It is a lanthanide, a rare-earth element, originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby, Sweden, which is the source of the element's ...
Erbium (III) chloride is a violet compounds that can be formed by first heating erbium (III) oxide and ammonium chloride to produce the ammonium salt of the pentachloride ( [NH 4] 2 ErCl 5) then heating it in a vacuum at 350-400 °C. [9][10][11] It forms crystals of the AlCl3 type, with monoclinic crystals and the point group C 2/m. [12]
Naturally occurring erbium (68 Er) is composed of six stable isotopes, with 166 Er being the most abundant (33.503% natural abundance).Thirty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized with between 74 and 112 neutrons, or 142 to 180 nucleons, with the most stable being 169 Er with a half-life of 9.4 days, 172 Er with a half-life of 49.3 hours, 160 Er with a half-life of 28.58 hours, 165 Er ...
Mineral symbols are most commonly represented by three-lettered text symbols, although one-, two- and four-lettered symbols also exist. Four methods of nomenclature are used: [ 3 ][ 5 ] The initial letters of a name, for example: cyanotrichite: Cya and mitscherlichite: Mits. A combination considered characteristic of the mineral name, for ...
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t. e. A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. The basic particle that constitutes a chemical element is the atom. Elements are identified by the number of protons in their nucleus, [ 1 ] known as the element's atomic number. [ 2 ]
Chemical symbol. The periodic table, elements being denoted by their symbols. Chemical symbols are the abbreviations used in chemistry, mainly for chemical elements; but also for functional groups, chemical compounds, and other entities. Element symbols for chemical elements, also known as atomic symbols, normally consist of one or two letters ...
The erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is the most deployed fiber amplifier as its amplification window coincides with the third transmission window of silica-based optical fiber. The core of a silica fiber is doped with trivalent erbium ions (Er 3+ ) and can be efficiently pumped with a laser at or near wavelengths of 980 nm and 1480 nm, and ...