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Antenatal perineal massage (APM) or Birth Canal Widening (BCW) is the massage of a pregnant woman's perineum – the skin and deep tissues around the opening to the vagina (or 'birth canal' – when a baby is in this passage), performed in the 4 to 6 weeks before childbirth, i.e., 34 weeks or sooner (Reference 7, as more births are occurring at around 28 weeks) and continued weekly until birth.
Vaginal tears can occur during childbirth, most often at the introitus as the baby's head passes through, especially if the baby descends quickly. Episiotomies are used in an effort to prevent soft-tissue tearing (perineal tear) which may involve the anal sphincter and rectum. Tears can involve the perineal skin or extend to the muscles and the ...
[6] [7] It may also prevent the bearing down reflex during a contraction, therefore it should not be used too early in labor. [8] It can also be used for pain relief from episiotomy or perineal lacerations [6] [8] Pudendal anesthesia is used during operative vaginal delivery which includes the use of forceps. [7]
The involved area corresponds to the area of supplied by the pudendal nerve (anus to the clitoris or penis). [29] Pain worsened by sitting, because of increased pressure on the nerve. [29] The patient is not awoken by pain during sleep. [29] No objective loss of sensation on clinical examination.
Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency. [3] Initial efforts to release a shoulder typically include: with a woman on her back pushing the legs outward and upward, pushing on the abdomen above the pubic bone. [3] If these are not effective, efforts to manually rotate the baby's shoulders or placing the woman on all fours may be tried.
There are also fewer oil glands in the neck when compared to the face, she adds, meaning the area is more prone to dryness. The neck muscles (technical term: platysma) are also very strong—and ...
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