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Antenatal perineal massage (APM) or Birth Canal Widening (BCW) is the massage of a pregnant woman's perineum – the skin and deep tissues around the opening to the vagina (or 'birth canal' – when a baby is in this passage), performed in the 4 to 6 weeks before childbirth, i.e., 34 weeks or sooner (Reference 7, as more births are occurring at around 28 weeks) and continued weekly until birth.
Vaginal tears can occur during childbirth, most often at the introitus as the baby's head passes through, especially if the baby descends quickly. Episiotomies are used in an effort to prevent soft-tissue tearing (perineal tear) which may involve the anal sphincter and rectum. Tears can involve the perineal skin or extend to the muscles and the ...
[6] [7] It may also prevent the bearing down reflex during a contraction, therefore it should not be used too early in labor. [8] It can also be used for pain relief from episiotomy or perineal lacerations [6] [8] Pudendal anesthesia is used during operative vaginal delivery which includes the use of forceps. [7]
Pudendal nerve injury has been reported in obstetric, perineal, and colorectal procedures. [25] Individuals with atypical pelvic anatomy are at higher risk of development of pudendal neuralgia after pevlic surgery. [25] [30] Specific examples of procedures which have been reported to cause pudendal nerve injury include: Caesarean section [25]
The perineal nerve is a branch of the pudendal nerve. [1] [2] It lies below the internal pudendal artery.It accompanies the perineal artery.It passes through the pudendal canal for around 2 or 3 cm. [1] [2] Whilst still in the canal, it divides into superficial branches and a deep branch. [1]
There are also fewer oil glands in the neck when compared to the face, she adds, meaning the area is more prone to dryness. The neck muscles (technical term: platysma) are also very strong—and ...
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