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A lisp is a speech impairment in which a person misarticulates sibilants (, , , , , , , ) . [1] These misarticulations often result in unclear speech in languages with phonemic sibilants. Types
William James was the first psychologist to describe the tip of the tongue phenomenon, although he did not label it as such. The term "tip of the tongue" is borrowed from colloquial usage, [2] and possibly a calque from the French phrase avoir le mot sur le bout de la langue ("having the word on the tip of the tongue").
Tongue thrusting and speech problems may co-occur. Due to unconventional postures of the tongue and other articulators, interdental and frontal lisping are very common. The alveolar sounds /s/ and /z/ are produced more anteriorly thus leading to interdental fricative like sounds, /th/. [4]
Speech disorders affect roughly 11.5% of the US population, and 5% of the primary school population. [5] Speech is a complex process that requires precise timing, nerve and muscle control, and as a result is susceptible to impairments. A person who has a stroke, an accident or birth defect may have speech and language problems. [6]
This type of therapy is not considered best practice in the field of speech and language pathology and is potentially harmful and traumatic for clients. [51] [52] Stuttering modification therapy The goal of stuttering modification therapy is not to eliminate stuttering but to modify it so that stuttering is easier and less effortful. [53]
Recall memory is active when a familiar sound triggers a feeling of pain from a past event, but most of the recall is shut out from traumatic event. [62] It is similar to classical conditioning, when a dog hears a bell it begins to react to the noise rather than an exterior variable like food or an electric shock.
The SLP chooses specific therapy tasks and goals based on the speech and language abilities and needs of the individual. [10] In general for individuals with TMoA, treatment should capitalize on their strong auditory comprehension and repetition skills and address the individual's reduced speech output and difficulty initiating and maintaining ...
The goal of the test phase is to assess whether prior retrieval practice affects how well the unpracticed–related words are remembered compared to the unpracticed–unrelated words. RIF is ultimately measured as the difference between the proportion of items recalled between these two types.