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A lisp is a speech impairment in which a person misarticulates sibilants (, , , , , , , ). [1] These misarticulations often result in unclear speech in languages with phonemic sibilants. Types
The frontal speech regions of the brain have been shown to participate in speech sound perception. [ 5 ] Broca's Area is today still considered an important language center, playing a central role in processing syntax, grammar, and sentence structure.
The term developmental language disorder (DLD) was endorsed in a consensus study involving a panel of experts (CATALISE Consortium) in 2017. [3] The study was conducted in response to concerns that a wide range of terminology was used in this area, with the consequence that there was poor communication, lack of public recognition, and in some cases children were denied access to services.
Speech disorders affect roughly 11.5% of the US population, and 5% of the primary school population. [5] Speech is a complex process that requires precise timing, nerve and muscle control, and as a result is susceptible to impairments. A person who has a stroke, an accident or birth defect may have speech and language problems. [6]
Tongue thrusting and speech problems may co-occur. Due to unconventional postures of the tongue and other articulators, interdental and frontal lisping are very common. The alveolar sounds /s/ and /z/ are produced more anteriorly thus leading to interdental fricative like sounds, /th/. [4]
Interventions are more effective when they occur individually at first, and between three and five times per week. With improvements, children with apraxia may be transitioned into group therapy settings. Therapeutic exercises must focus on planning, sequencing, and coordinating the muscle movements involved in speech production.
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The SLP chooses specific therapy tasks and goals based on the speech and language abilities and needs of the individual. [10] In general for individuals with TMoA, treatment should capitalize on their strong auditory comprehension and repetition skills and address the individual's reduced speech output and difficulty initiating and maintaining ...