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Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. [3] In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Androgen replacement therapy (ART), often referred to as testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), is a form of hormone therapy in which androgens, often testosterone, are supplemented or replaced. It typically involves the administration of testosterone through injections, skin creams, patches, gels, pills, or subcutaneous pellets.
Testosterone is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. [9] It is used to treat male hypogonadism, gender dysphoria, and certain types of breast cancer. [9] [10] It may also be used to increase athletic ability in the form of doping. [9]
As of 2016, the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male defines late-onset hypogonadism as a series of symptoms in older adults related to testosterone deficiency that combines features of both primary and secondary hypogonadism; the European Male Aging Study (a prospective study of ~3000 men) [10] defined the condition by the presence of at least three sexual symptoms (e.g ...
Normal total testosterone levels depend on the man's age but generally range from 240 to 950 ng/dL (nanograms per deciliter) or 8.3–32.9 nmol/L (nanomoles per liter). [11] According to American Urological Association, the diagnosis of low testosterone can be supported when the total testosterone level is below 300 ng/dl. [12]
Testosterone undecanoate is a testosterone ester and a prodrug of testosterone in the body. [10] [9] [7] Because of this, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of testosterone. [17] Testosterone undecanoate was introduced in China for use by injection and in the European Union for use by mouth in the 1970s.
With immunoassay-based techniques, testosterone levels in premenopausal women have been found to be about 40 ng/dL (1.4 nmol/L) and DHT levels about 10 ng/dL (0.34 nmol/L). [ 5 ] [ 74 ] With radioimmunoassays , the ranges for testosterone and DHT levels in women have been found to be 20 to 70 ng/dL and 5 to 30 ng/dL, respectively.
Testosterone propionate is a testosterone ester and a relatively short-acting prodrug of testosterone in the body. [7] [4] [1] Because of this, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of testosterone. [11] Testosterone propionate was discovered in 1936 and was introduced for medical use in 1937.