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A lump of ancient Vietnamese cash coins in the National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi. The list of coin hoards in Vietnam comprises significant archaeological hoards of coins, other types of coinages (e.g. sycees) or objects related to coins discovered in Vietnam. The history of Vietnamese currency, independent from China, dates back to the Đinh dynasty period with the Thái Bình Hưng ...
With the unification of Italy and the altered status of Rome, the Italian government took over the operation of the Papal mint in September 1870.The mint was used to make Italian coins, and due to the presence of Italian soldiers guarding the mint, a tunnel was constructed beneath the Apostolic Palace to ensure private access to the Vatican gardens.
Rifampicin, also known as rifampin, is an ansamycin antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium avium complex, leprosy, and Legionnaires' disease. [3]
Silver denominations below 5 lire were 0.835 fine, according to the Latin Monetary Union standard. With the annexation of the Papal States to Italy in 1870, the Papal lira was replaced by the Italian lira at par. The lira was subdivided into 100 centesimi and, differently from the other currencies of the union, into 20 soldi. However, all ...
In 1808, the Papal States were annexed by France, and the French franc circulated officially. When the Pope's authority was restored in 1814, the scudo was restored as the currency. However, outside Rome solely the coinage of Bologna was resumed. In 1849, another Roman Republic was established which issued coins centrally and in Ancona.
The Vietnamese cash (chữ Hán: 文 錢 văn tiền; chữ Nôm: 銅 錢 đồng tiền; French: sapèque), [a] [b] also called the sapek or sapèque, [c] is a cast round coin with a square hole that was an official currency of Vietnam from the Đinh dynasty in 970 until the Nguyễn dynasty in 1945, and remained in circulation in North Vietnam until 1948.
The inspiration to introduce the văn may have been to emulate the Chinese wén used on contemporary Qing dynasty cash coins which had just become a fiat currency, however unlike the Chinese system where all Chinese cash coins were cast from the same metals and the wén was the primary unit of account for coins made of the same metals, the ...
There were still some major differences between the Chinese and Vietnamese systems, as in the Vietnamese currency system the nominal value was represented either using a basic number currency symbol (văn) or in units of account (mạch and quán) using both copper and zinc with pegged values, while the Chinese coinage system used cash coins ...