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  2. Vertical integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration

    Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...

  3. Horizontal integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

    Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...

  4. Integrated Management Concept - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Management_Concept

    The Integrated Management Concept, or IMC is an approach to structure management challenges by applying a " system-theoretical perspective that sees organisations as complex systems consisting of sub-systems, interrelations, and functions". [1] The most characteristic aspect of the IMC is its distinction between three particular management ...

  5. Gustavus Franklin Swift - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Franklin_Swift

    William Swift. Sally Crowell. Signature. Gustavus Franklin Swift, Sr. (June 24, 1839 – March 29, 1903) was an American business executive. He founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century, over which he presided until his death. He is credited with the development of the first practical ice-cooled railroad car ...

  6. Occupational segregation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_segregation

    v. t. e. Occupational segregation is the distribution of workers across and within occupations, based upon demographic characteristics, most often gender. [ 1] Other types of occupational segregation include racial and ethnicity segregation, and sexual orientation segregation. These demographic characteristics often intersect. [ 2]

  7. Economic integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_integration

    Economic integration is the unification of economic policies between different states, through the partial or full abolition of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on trade. The trade-stimulation effects intended by means of economic integration are part of the contemporary economic Theory of the Second Best: where, in theory, the best option is ...

  8. Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglehart–Welzel_cultural...

    The Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world is a scatter plot created by political scientists Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel based on the World Values Survey and European Values Survey. [1] It depicts closely linked cultural values that vary between societies in two predominant dimensions: traditional versus secular-rational values ...

  9. Social mobility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobility

    Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. [ 1] It is a change in social status relative to one's current social location within a given society. This movement occurs between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification.