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  2. Vertical integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration

    Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...

  3. Horizontal integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

    Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...

  4. Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda:_The_Formation...

    It presents a sophisticated taxonomy for propaganda, including such paired opposites as political–sociological, vertical–horizontal, rational–irrational, and agitation–integration. The book contains Ellul's theories about the nature of propaganda to adapt the individual to a society, to a living standard, and to an activity aiming to ...

  5. Lebesgue integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_integral

    e. In mathematics, the integral of a non-negative function of a single variable can be regarded, in the simplest case, as the area between the graph of that function and the X axis. The Lebesgue integral, named after French mathematician Henri Lebesgue, is one way to make this concept rigorous and to extend it to more general functions.

  6. Horizontal and vertical (disambiguation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical...

    Horizontal integration, when a company increases production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain and in the same industry (e.g via internal expansion, acquisition or merger) Vertical integration, when the the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company (i.e. integration of multiple stages of production)

  7. Plessy v. Ferguson - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson

    Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race [clarification needed] were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal". [ 2][ 3] The decision legitimized the many ...

  8. Concentration of media ownership - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_of_media...

    v. t. e. Media graphic showing the 2019 ownership of mass media groups in the United States. Concentration of media ownership, also known as media consolidation or media convergence, is a process wherein fewer individuals or organizations control shares of the mass media. [ 1]

  9. Occupational segregation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_segregation

    v. t. e. Occupational segregation is the distribution of workers across and within occupations, based upon demographic characteristics, most often gender. [ 1] Other types of occupational segregation include racial and ethnicity segregation, and sexual orientation segregation. These demographic characteristics often intersect. [ 2]