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Rheumatoid arthritis. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Sarcoidosis. Scleroderma. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Temporal arteritis. Relapsing polychondritis. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis 50-60% have ophthalmologic manifestations, which can be a presenting feature in a minority of patients.
The brain is a major target for the actions of alcohol, and heavy alcohol consumption has long been associated with brain damage. Studies clearly indicate that alcohol is neurotoxic, with direct effects on nerve cells. Chronic alcohol abusers are at additional risk for brain injury from related causes, such as poor nutrition, liver disease, and ...
Ophthalmology. Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy is a group of medical disorders defined by visual impairment due to optic nerve damage secondary to a toxic substance and/or nutritional deficiency. The causes of these disorders are various, but they are linked by shared signs and symptoms, which this article will describe.
Oculogyric crisis ( OGC) is a rare sudden, paroxysmal, dystonic reaction that may manifest in response to specific drugs, particularly neuroleptics, or medical conditions, such as movement disorders. This neurological phenomenon is characterized by a sustained dystonic, conjugate, involuntary upward deviation of both eyes lasting seconds to hours.
Alcoholic hallucinosis. Alcoholic hallucinosis is a complication of alcohol misuse in people with alcohol use disorder. [ 1][ 2] It can occur during acute intoxication or withdrawal with the potential of having delirium tremens. Alcohol hallucinosis is a rather uncommon alcohol-induced psychotic disorder almost exclusively seen in chronic ...
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy ( LHON) is a mitochondrially inherited (transmitted from mother to offspring) degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons that leads to an acute or subacute loss of central vision; it predominantly affects young adult males. LHON is transmitted only through the mother, as it is primarily due ...
Sixth nerve palsy, or abducens nerve palsy, is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerveVI (the abducens nerve), which is responsible for causing contraction of the lateral rectus muscleto abduct(i.e., turn out) the eye.[1] The inability of an eye to turn outward, results in a convergent strabismusor esotropiaof which the primary ...
Wernicke encephalopathy ( WE ), also Wernicke's encephalopathy, [ 1] or wet brain is the presence of neurological symptoms caused by biochemical lesions of the central nervous system after exhaustion of B-vitamin reserves, in particular thiamine (vitamin B 1 ). [ 2] The condition is part of a larger group of thiamine deficiency disorders that ...