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Pressure as a function of the height above the sea level. There are two equations for computing pressure as a function of height. The first equation is applicable to the atmospheric layers in which the temperature is assumed to vary with altitude at a non null lapse rate of : = [,, ()] ′, The second equation is applicable to the atmospheric layers in which the temperature is assumed not to ...
Therefore, a pressure altitude of 32,000 ft (9,800 m) is referred to as "flight level 320". In metre altitudes the format is Flight Level xx000 metres. Flight levels are usually designated in writing as FLxxx , where xxx is a two- or three-digit number indicating the pressure altitude in units of 100 feet (30 m).
Geopotential is the gravitational potential energy per unit mass at elevation : where is the acceleration due to gravity, is latitude, and is the geometric elevation. [1] Geopotential height may be obtained from normalizing geopotential by the acceleration of gravity: where = 9.80665 m/s 2, the standard gravity at mean sea level. [4]
In aviation, pressure altitude is the height above a standard datum plane (SDP), which is a theoretical level where the weight of the atmosphere is 29.921 inches of mercury (1,013.2 mbar; 14.696 psi) as measured by a barometer. [2] It indicates altitude obtained when an altimeter is set to an agreed baseline pressure under certain circumstances ...
A geoid is needed to convert the 3D position to sea-level elevation. Pressure altimeter measuring atmospheric pressure, which decreases as altitude increases. Since atmospheric pressure varies with the weather, too, a recent local measure of the pressure at a known altitude is needed to calibrate the altimeter. Stereoscopy in aerial photography.
Geographic coordinate conversion has applications in cartography, surveying, navigation and geographic information systems. In geodesy, geographic coordinate conversion is defined as translation among different coordinate formats or map projections all referenced to the same geodetic datum. [1] A geographic coordinate transformation is a ...
The meter is "read" as a differential pressure head in centimeters or inches of water. The venturi meter and manometer is a common type of flow meter which can be used in many fluid applications to convert differential pressure heads into volumetric flow rate, linear fluid speed, or mass flow rate using Bernoulli's principle.
In aviation, atmospheric sciences and broadcasting, a height above ground level (AGL[1] or HAGL) is a height measured with respect to the underlying ground surface. This is as opposed to height above mean sea level (AMSL or HAMSL), height above ellipsoid (HAE, as reported by a GPS receiver), or height above average terrain (AAT or HAAT, in ...