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One exception is phosphorus, for which the most stable form at 1 bar is black phosphorus, but white phosphorus is chosen as the standard reference state for zero enthalpy of formation. [2] For example, the standard enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide is the enthalpy of the following reaction under the above conditions:
The isobaric change in enthalpy H above the common reference temperature of 298.15 K (25 °C) is called the high temperature heat content, the sensible heat, or the relative high-temperature enthalpy, and called henceforth the heat content.
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
–86.37 kJ/mol at 25 °C Standard molar entropy, S o liquid: 140.08 J/(mol K) Heat capacity, c p: 81.2 J/(mol K) at 15 °C Gas properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o gas –83.68 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o gas: 234.36 J/(mol K) at 100 kPa Enthalpy of combustion, Δ c H o gas –764.0 kJ/mol Heat capacity, c p: 40.70 J ...
Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o liquid: 31 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o liquid: 191. J/(mol K) Enthalpy of combustion, Δ c H o liquid –3393 kJ/mol Heat capacity, c p: 193.7 J/(mol K) at 25 °C Gas properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o gas: 87 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o gas? J/(mol K) Heat capacity, [4 ...
Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o solid: −277.7 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o solid: 160.7 J/(mol K) [5] Heat capacity, c p: 111.46 J/(mol K) [5] Liquid properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o liquid: −277.38 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o liquid: 159.9 J/(mol K) Enthalpy of combustion, Δ c H o: −1370.7 kJ ...
Heat capacity, c p: 0.212 J/(mol K) at −200°C Liquid properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o liquid: −318.2 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o liquid: 180 J/(mol K) Heat capacity, c p: 2.68 J/(gK) at 20°C-25°C Gas properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o gas: −261.1 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o gas: 333 ...
With a flash point of 35 °C, 1-butanol presents a moderate fire hazard: it is slightly more flammable than kerosene or diesel fuel but less flammable than many other common organic solvents. The depressant effect on the central nervous system (similar to ethanol intoxication) is a potential hazard when working with 1-butanol in enclosed spaces ...