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Enteric fermentation was the second largest anthropogenic source of methane emissions in the United States from 2000 through 2009. [7] In 2007, methane emissions from enteric fermentation were 2.3% of net greenhouse gases produced in the United States at 139 teragrams of carbon dioxide equivalents (Tg CO 2) out of a total net emission of 6087.5 Tg CO 2. [8]
Enteric fermentation occurs in the gut of some animals, especially ruminants. In the rumen , anaerobic organisms, including methanogens, digest cellulose into forms nutritious to the animal. Without these microorganisms, animals such as cattle would not be able to consume grasses.
Animal agriculture is a similarly large source (30%); primarily because of enteric fermentation by ruminant livestock such as cattle and sheep. According to the Global Methane Assessment published in 2021, methane emissions from livestock (including cattle) are the largest sources of agricultural emissions worldwide [ 10 ] A single cow can make ...
Cows, sheep, and other ruminants digest their food by enteric fermentation, and their burps are the main source of methane emissions from land use, land-use change, and forestry. Together with methane and nitrous oxide from manure, this makes livestock the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.
Producers can reduce ruminant enteric fermentation using genetic selection, [97] [98] immunization, rumen defaunation, competition of methanogenic archaea with acetogens, [99] introduction of methanotrophic bacteria into the rumen, [100] [101] diet modification and grazing management, among others.
Fermentation is crucial to digestion because it breaks down complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose, and enables the animal to use them. Microbes function best in a warm, moist, anaerobic environment with a temperature range of 37.7 to 42.2 °C (99.9 to 108.0 °F) and a pH between 6.0 and 6.4.
Fermentation in winemaking, the process of fermentation used in wine-making Enteric fermentation , a digestive process, for example in ruminants Lactic acid fermentation , the biological process by which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, are converted into cellular energy and the metabolic byproduct lactate
Fermentation is used to produce the heme protein found in the Impossible Burger. Fermentation can be used to make alternative protein sources. It is commonly used to modify existing protein foods, including plant-based ones such as soy, into more flavorful forms such as tempeh and fermented tofu.