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As of 2025, scholars have not reached a consensus about the classification of alexithymia. The DSM-5 and the ICD-11 classify alexithymia as neither a symptom nor a mental disorder. [ 21 ] Cognitive behavioral and psychoanalytic theorists have proposed conceptualizations, including lists of characteristic signs and symptoms.
However, not all providers rely on the DSM-5 as a guide, since the ICD's mental disorder diagnoses are used around the world, [2] and scientific studies often measure changes in symptom scale scores rather than changes in DSM-5 criteria to determine the real-world effects of mental health interventions.
Critics assert, for example, that many DSM-5 revisions or additions lack empirical support; that inter-rater reliability is low for many disorders; that several sections contain poorly written, confusing, or contradictory information; and that the pharmaceutical industry may have unduly influenced the manual's content, given the industry ...
Other specified dissociative disorder (OSDD) is a mental health diagnosis for pathological dissociation that matches the DSM-5 criteria for a dissociative disorder, but does not fit the full criteria for any of the specifically identified subtypes, which include dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization ...
The DSM-5 lists a male-to-female ratio of 2:1, however other studies have found equal rates [105] Self-defeating personality disorder: Female [106] Removed since the DSM-IV, not present in the DSM-5 [1] Sadistic personality disorder: Male [107] Removed since the DSM-IV, not present in the DSM-5 [1]
Machiavellianism is one of the traits in the dark triad model, along with psychopathy and narcissism. In the field of personality psychology, Machiavellianism (sometimes abbreviated as MACH) is the name of a personality trait construct characterized by interpersonal manipulation, indifference to morality, lack of empathy, and a calculated focus on self-interest.
The DSM-5 updated the definition of DID in 2013, summarizing the changes as: [119] Several changes to the criteria for dissociative identity disorder have been made in DSM-5. First, Criterion A has been expanded to include certain possession-form phenomena and functional neurological symptoms to account for more diverse presentations of the ...
Twin studies have found CU traits to be highly heritable, and not significantly related to environmental factors such as socioeconomic status, school quality, or parent quality. [6] Two twin studies suggested a significant genetic influence for CU, with an estimated average amount of variation (42.5%) in CU traits accounted for by genetic ...