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2. Isothermal transformation diagram - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal_transformation...

   TTT diagram of isothermal transformations of a hypoeutectoid carbon steel; showing the main components obtained when cooling the steel and its relation with the Fe-C phase diagram of carbon steels. Austenite is slightly undercooled when quenched below Eutectoid temperature. When given more time, stable microconstituents can form: ferrite and ...

3. Continuous cooling transformation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_cooling...

   There are two types of continuous cooling diagrams drawn for practical purposes. Type 1: This is the plot beginning with the transformation start point, cooling with a specific transformation fraction and ending with a transformation finish temperature for all products against transformation time for each cooling curve.

4. Tempering (metallurgy) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)

   Very few metals react to heat treatment in the same manner, or to the same extent, that carbon steel does, and carbon-steel heat-treating behavior can vary radically depending on alloying elements. Steel can be softened to a very malleable state through annealing, or it can be hardened to a state as hard and brittle as glass by quenching.

5. Heat treating - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_treating

   Steel castings after undergoing 12-hour 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) heat treatment. Complex heat treating schedules, or "cycles", are often devised by metallurgists to optimize an alloy's mechanical properties. In the aerospace industry, a superalloy may undergo five or more different heat treating operations to develop the desired properties.

6. Annealing (materials science) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(materials_science)

   This process is mainly suited for low-carbon steel. The material is heated up to a temperature just below the lower critical temperature of steel. Cold-worked steel normally tends to possess increased hardness and decreased ductility, making it difficult to work. Process annealing tends to improve these characteristics.

7. Hardened steel - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardened_steel

   The term hardened steel is often used for a medium or high carbon steel that has been given heat treatment and then quenching followed by tempering. The quenching results in the formation of metastable martensite, the fraction of which is reduced to the desired amount during tempering. This is the most common state for finished articles such as ...

8. Precipitation hardening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_hardening

   Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening or particle hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials, including most structural alloys of aluminium, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and some steels, stainless steels, and duplex stainless steel.

9. Steel grades - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_grades

   Steel specified by purpose of use and mechanical properties. ... Stainless and heat resistant steels 5x – 8x: ... 1045 [7] C45 CK45 CF45 CQ45: 060A47 080A46 080M46 ...