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In the 1950s, Edward H. Stullken, president and member of the Illinois Council of Exceptional Children, [3] began to question the need to segregate students with disabilities from the public schools. [2] This soon led to the rise of parent activists who challenged the courts. As a result, special education was expanded into public schools. [4]
Peter D. Roos, a former staff attorney at Harvard University's Center for Law and Education, described Mills as a "leading case" in a series of lawsuits that attempted to provide access to education for children with disabilities. [3] Mills v. Board was a certified class action lawsuit under Rule 23(b)(1) and (2). [4]
Special education (also known as special-needs education, aided education, alternative provision, exceptional student education, special ed., SDC, and SPED) is the practice of educating students in a way that accommodates their individual differences, disabilities, and special needs.
Higher academic achievement: Mainstreaming has shown to be more academically effective than exclusion practices. [9] For instance, the National Center for Learning Disabilities found that the graduation rate for students with learning disabilities was 70.8% for the 2013-2014 year, [10] although this report does not differentiate between students enrolled in mainstreaming, inclusive, or ...
Inclusion has different historical roots/background which may be integration of students with severe disabilities in the US (who may previously been excluded from schools or even lived in institutions) [7] [8] [9] or an inclusion model from Canada and the US (e.g., Syracuse University, New York) which is very popular with inclusion teachers who believe in participatory learning, cooperative ...
The 2004 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act reauthorization PL 108-446 changed learning disability identification procedures, required high qualification standards for special education teachers, stipulated that all students with disabilities participate in annual state or district testing or documented alternate assessments, and ...
Disability studies in education (DSE) is a field of academic study concerned with education research and practice related to disability.DSE scholars promote an understanding of disability from a social model of disability perspective to "challenge social, medical, and psychological models of disability as they relate to education". [1]
Because the law does not clearly state to what degree the least restrictive environment is, courts have had to interpret the LRE principle. In a landmark case interpreting IDEA's predecessor statute (EHA), Daniel R.R. v. State Board of Education (1989), it was determined that students with disabilities have a right to be included in both academic and extracurricular programs of general education.