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The Statue of Liberty, showing advanced patination; verdigris is responsible for the statue's iconic green colour.. Verdigris (/ ˈ v ɜːr d ɪ ɡ r iː (s)/) [1] is a common name for any of a variety of somewhat toxic [2] [3] [4] copper salts of acetic acid, which range in colour from green to a bluish-green depending on their chemical composition.
Patina also refers to accumulated changes in surface texture and color that result from normal use of an object such as a coin or a piece of furniture over time. [3] Archaeologists also use the term patina to refer to a corticated layer that develops over time that is due to a range of complex factors on flint tools and ancient stone monuments. [1]
Unlike wear patina necessary in applications such as copper roofing, outdoor copper, bronze, and brass statues and fittings, chemical patina is considered a lot more uneven and undesirable. [2] Patina is the name given to tarnish on copper-based metals, while toning is a term for the type of tarnish which forms on coins.
In North America, copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans. Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600. [12] Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around 1000 AD; it proceeded at a much slower rate on other ...
Copper gutter system showing half round copper gutters, radius copper guttering, copper leader head, round copper downspout pipe, decorative copper gutter hangers. Leaking gutters and downspouts can cause serious damage to a building's interior and exterior. Copper is a good choice for gutters and downspouts because it makes strong leak-proof ...
Friendswood Development Company bought 1,800 acres (7.3 km 2) at the corner of Texas State Highway 6 and Farm to Market Road 529 from the Gus Wortham estate in 1977. Two years later the first houses in Copperfield had been built and sold.
Patina Renea Miller (born November 6, 1984) is an American actress and singer. Miller's breakout role was as originating the role of disco diva wannabe Deloris Van Cartier in the 2009 West End and 2011 Broadway productions of Sister Act for which she earned Laurence Olivier Award and Tony Award nominations, respectively.
A marker indicating Midtown with Downtown Houston's skyline in the background. Midtown is a central neighborhood of Houston, located west-southwest of Downtown.Separated from Downtown by an elevated section of Interstate 45 (the Pierce Elevated), Midtown is characterized by a continuation of Downtown's square grid street plan, anchored by Main Street and the METRORail Red Line.