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The polynomial P(x) has a rational root (this can be determined using the rational root theorem). The resolvent cubic R 3 (y) has a root of the form α 2, for some non-null rational number α (again, this can be determined using the rational root theorem). The number a 2 2 − 4a 0 is the square of a rational number and a 1 = 0. Indeed:
This already suffices to solve the quadratic by square roots. In the case of the cubic, Tschirnhaus transformations replace the variable by a quadratic function, thereby making it possible to eliminate two terms, and so can be used to eliminate the linear term in a depressed cubic to achieve the solution of the cubic by a combination of square ...
If w 1, w 2 and w 3 are the three cube roots of W, then the roots of the original depressed cubic are w 1 − p / 3w 1 , w 2 − p / 3w 2 , and w 3 − p / 3w 3 . The other root of the quadratic equation is .
The cubic-plus-chain (CPC) [28] [29] [30] equation of state hybridizes the classical cubic equation of state with the SAFT chain term. [21] [22] The addition of the chain term allows the model to be capable of capturing the physics of both short-chain and long-chain non-associating components ranging from alkanes to polymers. The CPC monomer ...
So, if the three non-monic coefficients of the depressed quartic equation, + + + =, in terms of the five coefficients of the general quartic equation are given as follows: =, = + and = +, then the criteria to identify a priori each case of quartic equations with multiple roots and their respective solutions are exposed below.
[16] [17] Unlike the previous methods, both of which use some root of the resolvent cubic, Euler's method uses all of them. Consider a depressed quartic x 4 + px 2 + qx + r. Observe that, if x 4 + px 2 + qx + r = (x 2 + sx + t)(x 2 − sx + v), r 1 and r 2 are the roots of x 2 + sx + t, r 3 and r 4 are the roots of x 2 − sx + v, then the ...
The square root of a quantity strongly related to the discriminant appears in the formulas for the roots of a cubic polynomial. Specifically, this quantity can be −3 times the discriminant, or its product with the square of a rational number; for example, the square of 1/18 in the case of Cardano formula .
Casus irreducibilis (from Latin 'the irreducible case') is the name given by mathematicians of the 16th century to cubic equations that cannot be solved in terms of real radicals, that is to those equations such that the computation of the solutions cannot be reduced to the computation of square and cube roots.