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In 1882, the U.S. Army sent Brigadier General George R. Crook (1839-1890) to take command of Indian operations in Arizona Territory. [8] Crook was an experienced Indian fighter who had long since learned that regular soldiers were almost useless against the Apaches and had based his entire strategy on employing "Indians to fight other Indians ...
1810s–1870s Minneconjou Teton Lakota: Chief of Minneconjou teton lakota Indians, signed the treaty of fort Laramie in 1868. Father of Touch the Clouds and Spotted Elk, uncle to Crazy Horse: Captain Jack: c. 1837–1873 1860s–1870s Modoc: Mangas Coloradas: c. 1793–1863 1820s–1850s Apache: Cochise: c. 1805–1874 1860s–1870s Apache ...
A Guide to the Indian Wars of the West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8032-8246-X. Michno, Gregory F. Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864–1868, 360 pages, Caxton Press, 2007, ISBN 0-87004-460-5. Stannard, D.E. (1992). American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford University Press paperback.
Keller, Robert H. American Protestantism and United States Indian Policy, 1869-82 (U of Nebraska Press, 1983). Levine, Richard R. "Indian fighters and Indian reformers: Grant's Indian peace policy and the conservative consensus." Civil War History 31.4 (1985): 329-352. Lookingbill, Brad D. ed. A Companion to Custer and the Little Bighorn ...
Utley, Robert M. Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848–1865 (1981) Utley, Robert M. Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891 (1984) Curtis, Charles A. Army Life in the West (1862-1865). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, April 20, 2017. ISBN 978-1545458785
United States Army Indian Scouts and trackers had served the US government since the Civil War. During the Indian Wars, the Pawnee people, the Crow people and the Tonkawa people allied with the American cavalry against their old rivals the Apache and Sioux. [32] Sgt. I-See-O of the Kiowa people was still in active service during the World War I ...
This is generally considered the end of the Apache Wars, although conflicts continued between citizens and Apaches. The Confederate Army briefly participated in the wars during the early 1860s in Texas, before being diverted to action in the American Civil War in New Mexico and Arizona.
Indian affairs in early 1870s Arizona lurched back and forth between peace and war. Each new round of hostilities brought increasing conflict between the settlers and the soldiers. The report of the Indian Peace Commission , in 1867, led to the creation of the Board of Indian Commissioners two years later.