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Transcendental idealism is a philosophical system [1] founded by German philosopher Immanuel Kant in the 18th century. Kant's epistemological program [ 2 ] is found throughout his Critique of Pure Reason (1781).
System of Transcendental Idealism (German: System des transcendentalen Idealismus) is a book by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling published in 1800. It has been called Schelling's most important early work, [1] and is best known in the English-speaking world for its influence on the poet and philosopher, Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
These categories and concepts, which Kant calls "transcendental" because they are necessary for any experience, structure and organize our experience of the world, but they do not provide us with direct access to the thing-in-itself, which is the ultimate reality. Kant's transcendental idealism has two main components.
In the Transcendental Logic, there is a section (titled The Refutation of Idealism) that is intended to free Kant's doctrine from any vestiges of subjective idealism, which would either doubt or deny the existence of external objects (B274-79). [30]
In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, Kant argued the sum of all objects, the empirical world, is a complex of appearances whose existence and connection occur only in our representations. [2] Kant introduces the thing-in-itself as follows:
Transcendental idealism was developed by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), who was the first philosopher to label himself an "idealist". [106] In his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant was clear to distinguish his view (which he also called "critical" and "empirical realism") from Berkeley's idealism and from Descartes's views.
German idealism Post-Kantian transcendental idealism [1] (before 1800) Objective idealism Absolute idealism (after 1800) [2] Naturphilosophie (a combination of transcendental realism and transcendental naturalism) [3] Jena Romanticism Romanticism in science Correspondence theory of truth [4] Institutions: University of Jena University of Würzburg
In addition to the work of Hermann von Helmholtz and Eduard Zeller, early fruits of the movement were Kuno Fischer's works on Kant and Friedrich Albert Lange's History of Materialism (Geschichte des Materialismus, 1873–75), the latter of which argued that transcendental idealism superseded the historic struggle between material idealism and ...