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Vicat softening temperature or Vicat hardness is the determination of the softening point for materials that have no definite melting point, such as plastics. It is taken as the temperature at which the specimen is penetrated to a depth of 1 mm by a flat-ended needle with a 1 mm 2 circular or square cross-section.
The softening point is the temperature at which a material softens beyond some arbitrary softness. [1] It can be determined, for example, by the Vicat method (ASTM-D1525 or ISO 306), Heat Deflection Test (ASTM-D648) or a ring and ball method (ISO 4625 or ASTM E28-67/E28-99 or ASTM D36 or ASTM D6493 - 11 or JIS K 6863).
The test is carried out using a metal mould in the shape of a conical frustum known as a slump cone or Abrams cone, that is open at both ends and has attached handles.The tool typically has an internal diameter of 100 millimetres (3.9 in) at the top and of 200 millimetres (7.9 in) at the bottom with a height of 305 millimetres (12.0 in).The cone is placed on a hard non-absorbent surface.
World locations of Vicat. The company was established in 1853 by Joseph Vicat (1821–1902), son of Louis Vicat, who invented artificial cement in 1817. His cement plant was at Genevrey-de-Vif south of Grenoble . It used an argillaceous limestone that Joseph Vicat had established as suitable by chemical analysis. The company expanded in 1922 ...
(A) A low-form or Griffin form beaker (B) A tall-form or Berzelius beaker (C) A flat beaker or crystallizer Philips beaker which can be swirled like a conical flask. Standard or "low-form" (A) beakers typically have a height about 1.4 times the diameter. [3]
Figure 1: Fractional distillation apparatus using a Liebig condenser. Vigreux column in a laboratory setup. A laboratory fractionating column is a piece of glassware used to separate vaporized mixtures of liquid compounds with close volatility.
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The Büchner flask can also be used as a vacuum trap in a vacuum line to ensure that no fluids are carried over from the aspirator or vacuum pump (or other vacuum source) to the evacuated apparatus or vice versa.