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In the context of SQL, data definition or data description language (DDL) is a syntax for creating and modifying database objects such as tables, indices, and users. DDL statements are similar to a computer programming language for defining data structures, especially database schemas. Common examples of DDL statements include CREATE, ALTER ...
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
CREATE creates an object (a table, for example) in the database, e.g.: CREATE TABLE example ( column1 INTEGER , column2 VARCHAR ( 50 ), column3 DATE NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY ( column1 , column2 ) ); ALTER modifies the structure of an existing object in various ways, for example, adding a column to an existing table or a constraint, e.g.:
An associative (or junction) table maps two or more tables together by referencing the primary keys (PK) of each data table. In effect, it contains a number of foreign keys (FK), each in a many-to-one relationship from the junction table to the individual data tables. The PK of the associative table is typically composed of the FK columns ...
In MySQL 5.1, a copy of the MySQL FRM file is stored in the header of each Archive file. The FRM file, which represents the definition of a table, allows an Archive file to be restored to a MySQL server if the Archive file is copied to the server. Despite the use of zlib, archive files are not compatible with gzio, the basis of the gzip tools ...
Major DBMSs, including SQLite, [5] MySQL, [6] Oracle, [7] IBM Db2, [8] Microsoft SQL Server [9] and PostgreSQL [10] support prepared statements. Prepared statements are normally executed through a non-SQL binary protocol for efficiency and protection from SQL injection, but with some DBMSs such as MySQL prepared statements are also available using a SQL syntax for debugging purposes.
Each Federated table that is defined there is one .frm (data definition file containing information such as the URL of the data source). The actual data can exist on a local or remote MySQL instance. To create a Federated table, one has to specify a URL in the "CONNECTION" string:
This reduces the overhead of creating fresh connections every time one is required, as unused connections are cached and ready to be reused. Unlike the MySQL extension, MySQLi does not provide a separate function for opening persistent connections. To open a persistent connection you must prepend p: to the hostname when connecting.