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For example, aspirin, paracetamol, and caffeine are formulated together to treat pain caused by tension headaches and migraine. Additive effect can be used to detect synergy as it can be considered as the baseline effect in methods determining whether drugs have synergistic effect.
Antibiotic synergy is desirable in a clinic sense for several reasons. At the patient level, the boosted antimicrobial potency provided by synergy allows the body to more rapidly clear infections, resulting in shorter courses of antibiotic therapy. [3] Shorter courses of therapy in turn reduce the effects of dose-related toxicity, if applicable ...
A popular example of drug–food interaction is the effect of grapefruit on the metabolism of drugs. Interactions may occur by simultaneous targeting of receptors , directly or indirectly. For example, both Zolpidem and alcohol affect GABA A receptors , and their simultaneous consumption results in the overstimulation of the receptor, which can ...
The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection). Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main branches of pharmacology , being itself a topic of biology interested in the study of the interactions of both endogenous and exogenous chemical ...
Cross-tolerance is a phenomenon that occurs when tolerance to the effects of a certain drug produces tolerance to another drug. It often happens between two drugs with similar functions or effects—for example, acting on the same cell receptor or affecting the transmission of certain neurotransmitters.
A codrug consists of two drug moieties, generally "active against the same disease", that are joined through one or more covalent chemical bonds to create a single new chemical entity; [1] they can also be described as a mutual prodrug, recognising that a catabolic biosynthetic step is most often required to liberate the two drugs. [2]
Synergy is an interaction or cooperation giving rise to a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts (i.e., a non-linear addition of force, energy, or effect). [1] The term synergy comes from the Attic Greek word συνεργία synergia [2] from synergos, συνεργός, meaning "working together".
Let and be doses of compounds 1 and 2 producing in combination an effect .We denote by and the doses of compounds 1 and 2 required to produce effect alone (assuming this conditions uniquely define them, i.e. that the individual dose-response functions are bijective).