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Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacterium Leptospira [8] that can infect humans, dogs, rodents and many other wild and domesticated animals. [8] Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild (headaches, muscle pains, and fevers) to severe (bleeding in the lungs or meningitis). [5]
Normal human body temperature varies slightly from person to person and by the time of day. Consequently, each type of measurement has a range of normal temperatures. The range for normal human body temperatures, taken orally, is 36.8 ± 0.5 °C (98.2 ± 0.9 °F). [12]
The bacteria also display mesophilic growth properties and grow at a temperature range of 28 °C to 30 °C. [ 14 ] [ 12 ] The optimal growth of the obligate aerobe L. interrogans occurs in simple media containing vitamins, salts, and specific long chain fatty acids. [ 13 ]
Leptospira noguchii can grow in stagnant water, and is known to grow optimally between 28 °C - 30 °C at a pH between 7.2 and 7.6. [8] L. noguchii is also known to have a parasitic relationship and grow in host's kidneys. It can be isolated from urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. [1]
The normal human body temperature can be as high as 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) in the late afternoon. [2] Hyperthermia requires an elevation from the temperature that would otherwise be expected. Such elevations range from mild to extreme; body temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) can be life-threatening.
Over 30 days at 0 °C (32.0 °F) (over one month at freezing temperature) 6 days at 37 °C (98.6 °F) (one week at human body temperature) decades in permanently frozen lakes; on hard non-porous surface such as plastic or stainless steel for 24–48 hours; on clothes, paper and tissues for 8–12 hours [6]
The minimal growth temperature of pathogenic species is 13–15 °C. Because the minimal growth temperature of the saprophytes is 5–10 °C, the ability of Leptospira to grow at 13 °C can be used to distinguish saprophytic from pathogenic Leptospira species. [30] The optimal pH for growth of Leptospira is 7.2–7.6.
Anatomy of the human skin. Skin temperature is the temperature of the outermost surface of the body. Normal human skin temperature on the trunk of the body varies between 33.5 and 36.9 °C (92.3 and 98.4 °F), though the skin's temperature is lower over protruding parts, like the nose, and higher over muscles and active organs. [1]