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Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacteria Leptospira [8] that can infect humans, dogs, rodents and many other wild and domesticated animals. [8] Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild (headaches, muscle pains, and fevers) to severe (bleeding in the lungs or meningitis). [5]
The bacteria also display mesophilic growth properties and grow at a temperature range of 28 °C to 30 °C. [ 14 ] [ 12 ] The optimal growth of the obligate aerobe L. interrogans occurs in simple media containing vitamins, salts, and specific long chain fatty acids. [ 13 ]
Leptospira noguchii are spirochete-shaped, gram-negative bacterium that typically range from 0.1 μm by 6 μm to 0.1 μm to 20 μm. [9] [10] Leptospira noguchii also lacks glycolipids in their peptidoglycan and contain diaminopimelic acid. [10] L. noguchii is a motile organism due to having amphitrichous flagella on opposing ends of each other ...
Normal human body temperature varies slightly from person to person and by the time of day. Consequently, each type of measurement has a range of normal temperatures. The range for normal human body temperatures, taken orally, is 36.8 ± 0.5 °C (98.2 ± 0.9 °F). [12]
Over 30 days at 0 °C (32.0 °F) (over one month at freezing temperature) 6 days at 37 °C (98.6 °F) (one week at human body temperature) decades in permanently frozen lakes; on hard non-porous surface such as plastic or stainless steel for 24–48 hours; on clothes, paper and tissues for 8–12 hours [6]
The human body always works to remain in homeostasis. One form of homeostasis is thermoregulation. Body temperature varies in every individual, but the average internal temperature is 37.0 °C (98.6 °F). [1] Sufficient stress from extreme external temperature may cause injury or death if it exceeds the ability of the body to thermoregulate.
The minimal growth temperature of pathogenic species is 13–15 °C. Because the minimal growth temperature of the saprophytes is 5–10 °C, the ability of Leptospira to grow at 13 °C can be used to distinguish saprophytic from pathogenic Leptospira species. [30] The optimal pH for growth of Leptospira is 7.2–7.6.
Skin temperature is the temperature of the outermost surface of the body. Normal human skin temperature on the trunk of the body varies between 33.5 and 36.9 °C (92.3 and 98.4 °F), though the skin's temperature is lower over protruding parts, like the nose, and higher over muscles and active organs. [ 1 ]