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Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. [2] There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. [3] Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. [4]
Enteroendocrine cells secrete various gastrointestinal hormones including secretin, pancreozymin, enteroglucagon among others. Subsets of sensory intestinal epithelial cells synapse with nerves, [9] and are known as neuropod cells. [10] Paneth cells produce antimicrobial peptides such as human alpha-defensin. [11] [12]
During each mitosis, one of the two daughter cells remains in the crypt as a stem cell, while the other differentiates and migrates up the side of the crypt and eventually into the villus. These stem cells can differentiate into either an absorptive (enterocytes) or secretory (Goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells) lineages. [3]
Merocrine secretion Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying merocrine secretion of bright red cytoplasmic granules. H&E stain. Merocrine (or eccrine) is a term used to classify exocrine glands and their secretions in the study of histology.
Serous cells secrete proteins, often enzymes. Examples include gastric chief cells and Paneth cells; Mucous cells secrete mucus. Examples include Brunner's glands, esophageal glands, and pyloric glands; Seromucous glands (mixed) secrete both protein and mucus.
Hyperplasia of Brunner glands with a lesion greater than 1 cm was initially described as a Brunner gland adenoma. Several features of these lesions favor their designation as hamartomas, including the lack of encapsulation; the mixture of acini, smooth muscles, adipose tissue, Paneth cells, and mucosal glands; and the lack of any cell atypia ...
Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses.
Paneth cell: Intestinal glands: Secretion of the bactericidal enzyme lysozyme; phagocytosis G cells: Intestinal glands of duodenum: Secretion of the hormone intestinal gastrin: I cells: Intestinal glands of duodenum: Secretion of the hormone cholecystokinin, which stimulates release of pancreatic juices and bile K cells: Intestinal glands