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The archetypical example is the real projective plane, also known as the extended Euclidean plane. [4] This example, in slightly different guises, is important in algebraic geometry, topology and projective geometry where it may be denoted variously by PG(2, R), RP 2, or P 2 (R), among other notations.
The topological real projective plane can be constructed by taking the (single) edge of a Möbius strip and gluing it to itself in the correct direction, or by gluing the edge to a disk. Alternately, the real projective plane can be constructed by identifying each pair of opposite sides of the square, but in opposite directions, as shown in the ...
The most basic example is the flat Euclidean plane, an idealization of a flat surface in physical space such as a sheet of paper or a chalkboard. On the Euclidean plane, any two points can be joined by a unique straight line along which the distance can be measured.
In graph theory, a planar graph is a graph that can be embedded in the plane, i.e., it can be drawn on the plane in such a way that its edges intersect only at their endpoints. In other words, it can be drawn in such a way that no edges cross each other. [1] [2] Such a drawing is called a plane graph, or a planar embedding of the graph.
Special cases are called the real line R 1, the real coordinate plane R 2, and the real coordinate three-dimensional space R 3. With component-wise addition and scalar multiplication, it is a real vector space. The coordinates over any basis of the elements of a real vector space form a real coordinate space of the same dimension as that of the ...
The elliptic plane is the real projective plane provided with a metric. Kepler and Desargues used the gnomonic projection to relate a plane σ to points on a hemisphere tangent to it. With O the center of the hemisphere, a point P in σ determines a line OP intersecting the hemisphere, and any line L ⊂ σ determines a plane OL which ...
The archetypical example is the real projective plane, also known as the extended Euclidean plane. [1] This example, in slightly different guises, is important in algebraic geometry , topology and projective geometry where it may be denoted variously by PG(2, R ) , RP 2 , or P 2 ( R ), among other notations.
An everyday example of a projection is the casting of shadows onto a plane (sheet of paper): the projection of a point is its shadow on the sheet of paper, and the projection (shadow) of a point on the sheet of paper is that point itself (idempotency). The shadow of a three-dimensional sphere is a disk.
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