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Human genetic variation calculated from genetic data representing 346 microsatellite loci taken from 1484 individuals in 78 human populations. The upper graph illustrates that as populations are further from East Africa, they have declining genetic diversity as measured in average number of microsatellite repeats at each of the loci.
A graphical representation of the typical human karyotype.. Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It ranges widely, from the number of species to differences within species, and can be correlated to the span of survival for a species. [1]
The Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) was started by Stanford University's Morrison Institute in 1990s along with collaboration of scientists around the world. [1] It is the result of many years of work by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza, one of the most cited scientists in the world, who has published extensively in the use of genetics to understand human migration and evolution.
The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans [23] ~3400 / 185 HGDP-CEPH plus 133 additional African populations and Indian individuals 1327 STRs + indels Xing et al. 2010 Toward a more uniform sampling of human genetic diversity: A survey of worldwide populations by high-density genotyping [24] 850 / 40 HapMap plus 296 ...
It is well established that the genetic diversity among human populations is low, [3] although the distribution of the genetic diversity was only roughly estimated. Early studies argued that 85–90% of the genetic variation is found within individuals residing in the same populations within continents (intra-continental populations) and only ...
In their study The History and Geography of Human Genes (1994), Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi and Piazza provide some of the most detailed and comprehensive estimates of genetic distances between human populations, within and across continents. Their initial database contains 76,676 gene frequencies (using 120 blood polymorphisms), corresponding to ...
Foreshadowing his later work on human genetic variation, he also emphasised that, because there will always be measurable differences between any two populations, it is the degree of difference compared to other axes of variation that will determine whether a grouping is biologically significant. [8] "The Apportionment of Human Diversity" was ...
Since the completion of the Human Genome Project advances in human population genetics and comparative genomics enabled further insight into genetic diversity. [7] The understanding about structural variations (insertions/deletions (), copy number variations (CNV), retroelements), single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and natural selection were being solidified.