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Citizenship in ancient Rome (Latin: civitas) was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance. Citizenship in ancient Rome was complex and based upon many different laws, traditions, and cultural practices.
Citizen rights were inherited, so children of peregrini who had become citizens were also citizens upon birth. [12] Distinctions between Roman citizens and peregrini continued until 212 AD, when Caracalla (211 AD – 217 AD) extended full Roman citizenship to all free-born men in the empire [ 13 ] with the declaration of the Antonine Constitution .
The key phrase is "est civitas eis data" where civitas means "citizenship". In Ancient Rome, the Latin term civitas (Latin pronunciation: [ˈkiːwɪtaːs]; plural civitates), according to Cicero in the time of the late Roman Republic, was the social body of the cives, or citizens, united by law (concilium coetusque hominum jure sociati).
Rome is the most populous city in Italy with the city proper being home to about 2.8 million citizens and the Rome metropolitan area to over four million people. [148] Since the collapse of the western Roman empire, the Papacy has continued the institution of the Pontifex Maximus and governments inspired by the ancient Roman Republic have been ...
Ancient Athenian armor from the 6th century BCE called a greave covered a citizen-soldier's knee and lower leg. A hoplite's armor signified its owner's social status as well as his service to the community. (Snodgrass 1967 (1999), 58–59) History of citizenship describes the changing relation between an individual and the state, known as ...
In Roman law, status describes a person's legal status. The individual could be a Roman citizen (status civitatis), unlike foreigners; or he could be free (status libertatis), unlike slaves; or he could have a certain position in a Roman family (status familiae) either as head of the family (pater familias), or as a lower member (filii familias).
Voting for most offices was open to all full Roman citizens, a group that excluded women, slaves and originally those living outside of Rome. In the early Republic, the electorate would have been small, but as Rome grew it expanded. The Lex Julia of 90 BC extending voting rights to citizens across Italy greatly expanded the franchise. By the ...
The Constitutio Antoniniana (contemporaneous Greek translation) in a display case The Roman empire around 211.. The Constitutio Antoniniana (Latin for "Constitution [or Edict] of Antoninus"), also called the Edict of Caracalla or the Antonine Constitution, was an edict issued in AD 212 [1] by the Roman emperor Caracalla.