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An overline, overscore, or overbar, is a typographical feature of a horizontal line drawn immediately above the text. In old mathematical notation, an overline was called a vinculum, a notation for grouping symbols which is expressed in modern notation by parentheses, though it persists for symbols under a radical sign.
A vinculum (from Latin vinculum 'fetter, chain, tie') is a horizontal line used in mathematical notation for various purposes. It may be placed as an overline or underline above or below a mathematical expression to group the expression's elements.
X bar, x̄ (or X̄) or X-bar may refer to: X-bar theory, a component of linguistic theory; Arithmetic mean, a commonly used type of average; An X-bar, a rollover protection structure; Roman numeral 10,000 in vinculum form
A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula.
The overline is a typographical symbol similar to the macron, used in a number of ways in mathematics and science. For example, it is used to represent complex conjugation : z = a + b i ; z ¯ = a − b i {\displaystyle z=a+bi;\quad {\overline {z}}=a-bi}
combining overline: Used format for denoting Gödel numbers. Using HTML style “4̅” is an abbreviation for the standard numeral “SSSS0”. It may also denote a negation (used primarily in electronics). ⌜ ⌝
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Using the vinculum, conventional Roman numerals are multiplied by 1,000 by adding a "bar" or "overline", thus: [49] IV = 4,000; XXV = 25,000; The vinculum came into use in the late Republic, [50] and it was a common alternative to the apostrophic ↀ during the Imperial era around the Roman world (M for '1000' was not in use until the Medieval ...