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The Pana riot, or Pana massacre, was a coal mining labor conflict and also a racial conflict that occurred on April 10, 1899, in Pana, Illinois, and resulted in the deaths of seven people. It was one of many similar labor conflicts in the coal mining regions of Illinois that occurred in 1898 and 1899.
The disputes were marked by the Chicago–Virden Coal Company bringing in strikebreakers by train to bypass local coal miners, racial violence between black and white coal miners, most notably during the Battle of Virden on October 12, 1898, and the Pana massacre on April 10, 1899.
The Carterville Mine Riot was part of the turn-of-the-century Illinois coal wars in the United States. The national United Mine Workers of America coal strike of 1897 was officially settled for Illinois District 12 in January 1898, with the vast majority of operators accepting the union terms: thirty-six to forty cents per ton (depending on the county), an 8-hour day, and union recognition.
The next major event of the mine wars in West Virginia was the Matewan Massacre on May 19, 1920. [7] The massacre only exacerbated tensions between miners, their allies, and coal operators. In West Virginia, the mine wars would come to a head at the Battle of Blair Mountain in 1921. This armed conflict pitched organized miners against ...
Victor Hicken, "The Virden and Pana Mine Wars of 1898" Originally written for the Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 52, 1959. Keiser, John H. "Black Strikebreakers and Racism in Illinois, 1865–1900" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol. 65, no. 3, 1972, pp. 313–326 JSTOR 40191383; Markwell, David.
It was announced Oct. 2 along with six other projects, all in southeast Iowa, where most of the mining in the state occurred. Coal mining in Iowa declined in the 1920s and most mines closed in the ...
Some troops leave the battlefield injured. Others return from war with mental wounds. Yet many of the 2 million Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffer from a condition the Defense Department refuses to acknowledge: Moral injury.
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