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Within the medical specialty of hematology, Hemoglobin D-Punjab, also known as hemoglobin D-Los Angeles, [1] D-North Carolina, D-Portugal, D-Oak Ridge, and D-Chicago, [2] is a hemoglobin variant. It originates from a point mutation in the human β-globin locus and is one of the most common hemoglobin variants worldwide. [ 1 ]
Hemoglobin D (HbD) is a variant of hemoglobin, a protein complex that makes up red blood cells.Based on the locations of the original identification, it has been known by several names such as hemoglobin D-Los Angeles, hemoglobin D-Punjab, [1] D-North Carolina, D-Portugal, D-Oak Ridge, and D-Chicago. [2]
Hemoglobin is a protein containing iron that facilitates the transportation of oxygen in red blood cells. [36] Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the other tissues of the body, where it releases the oxygen to enable metabolism. A healthy level of hemoglobin for men is between 13.2 and 16.6 grams per deciliter, and in women ...
Unstable hemoglobin variants are mutations that cause the hemoglobin molecule to precipitate, spontaneously or upon oxidative stress, resulting in hemolytic anemia. Precipitated, denatured hemoglobin can attach to the inner layer of the plasma membrane of the red blood cell (RBC) forming Heinz bodies , leading to premature destruction of the ...
Pakistani surnames are divided into three categories: Islamic naming convention, cultural names and ancestral names. In Pakistan a person is either referred by his or her Islamic name or from tribe name (if it is specified), respectively.
The term "Punjab" came into currency during the reign of Akbar in the late sixteenth century. [43] [33] [34] Though the name Punjab is of Persian origin, its two parts (پنج, panj, 'five' and آب, āb, 'water') are cognates of the Sanskrit words, पञ्च, pañca, 'five' and अप्, áp, 'water', of the same meaning.
Punjabi culture grew out of the settlements along the five rivers (the name Punjab, is derived from two Persian words, Panj meaning "Five" and Âb meaning "Water") which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization, dating back to 3000 BCE. [1]
The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of Sikhs and Hindus unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority. [213] The Gurdaspur district which is partially now part of the Indian state of Punjab had a slight Muslim majority (50.2% according to the 1941 census ) prior to the ...