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The hydroxyl radical, Lewis structure shown, contains one unpaired electron. Lewis dot structure of a Hydroxide ion compared to a hydroxyl radical. In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.
Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived; however, they form an important part of radical chemistry. Most notably hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) or, in atmospheric chemistry, by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water.
In free radical polymerization, radicals formed from the decomposition of an initiator molecule are surrounded by a cage consisting of solvent and/or monomer molecules. [6] Within the cage, the free radicals undergo many collisions leading to their recombination or mutual deactivation. [5] [6] [9] This can be described by the following reaction:
Example radical: Structure of Hydrocarboxyl radical, lone electron indicated as single black dot. A radical is a molecule with an odd number of electrons, and is induced in a variety of ways, including ultraviolet radiation. A sun burn is largely due to radical formation from this radiation. The radical-pair, however, is not simply two radicals.
The cytotoxic nature of ROS is a driving force behind apoptosis, but in even higher amounts, ROS can result in both apoptosis and necrosis, a form of uncontrolled cell death, in cancer cells. [ 70 ] Numerous studies have shown the pathways and associations between ROS levels and apoptosis, but a newer line of study has connected ROS levels and ...
For example, the SF 5 radical formed by the reaction of solvated electrons and SF 6 undergo further reactions which lead to the formation of hydrogen fluoride and sulfuric acid. [ 22 ] In water, the dimerization reaction of hydroxyl radicals can form hydrogen peroxide , while in saline systems the reaction of the hydroxyl radicals with chloride ...
In chemistry, the amino radical, ·NH 2, also known as the aminyl or azanyl, is the neutral form of the amide ion (NH − 2). Aminyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived, like most radicals; however, they form an important part of nitrogen chemistry. In sufficiently high concentration, amino radicals dimerise to form hydrazine.
If one of the methyl groups attached to the third carbon atom were instead an ethyl group, then the name would be 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane. When there are different alkyl groups, they are listed in alphabetical order. In addition, each position on an alkyl chain can be described according to how many other carbon atoms are attached to it.