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For example, the information encoded in one "fair" coin flip is log 2 (2/1) = 1 bit, and in two fair coin flips is log 2 (4/1) = 2 bits. A 2011 Science article estimates that 97% of technologically stored information was already in digital bits in 2007 and that the year 2002 was the beginning of the digital age for information storage (with ...
"Information quality" is a measure of the value which the information provides to the user of that information. [1] "Quality" is often perceived as subjective and the quality of information can then vary among users and among uses of the information. Nevertheless, a high degree of quality increases its objectivity or at least the ...
An information system (IS) is a formal, sociotechnical, organizational system designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information. [1] From a sociotechnical perspective, information systems comprise four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology. [2]
An information society is a society or subculture where the usage, creation, distribution, manipulation and integration of information is a significant activity. [1] Its main drivers are information and communication technologies, which have resulted in rapid growth of a variety of forms of information.
Information behavior is a field of information science research that seeks to understand the way people search for and use information [1] in various contexts. It can include information seeking and information retrieval , but it also aims to understand why people seek information and how they use it.
Information retrieval is the science [1] of searching for information in a document, searching for documents themselves, and also searching for the metadata that describes data, and for databases of texts, images or sounds. Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called information overload. An IR system is a ...
Information architecture (IA) is the structural design of shared information environments; the art and science of organizing and labelling websites, intranets, online communities and software to support usability and findability; and an emerging community of practice focused on bringing principles of design, architecture and information science to the digital landscape. [1]
The term information ethics was first coined by Robert Hauptman and used in the book Ethical Challenges in Librarianship. The field of information ethics has a relatively short but progressive history having been recognized in the United States for nearly 20 years. [6]