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Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PtdIns(4,5)P 2, also known simply as PIP 2 or PI(4,5)P 2, is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes. PtdIns(4,5)P 2 is enriched at the plasma membrane where it is a substrate for a number of important signaling proteins. [1] PIP2 also forms lipid clusters [2] that sort proteins. [3] [4] [5]
The hydrolysis starts with the enzyme PI 4-kinase alpha converting PI into PI 4-phosphate , which is then converted into PI (4,5) biphosphate (PI(4,5)P 2) by the enzyme PI 4-phosphate-5-kinase . PI(4,5)P 2 is then hydrolysed by phospholipase C and forms the second messengers, inositol (1,4,5) triphosphate (IP 3) and diacylglycerol .
The PI(4,5)P 2 cycle or simply PIP 2 cycle (also known as PI cycle in past) is one of the important signalling cascades underlying many cellular functions including GPCR signaling, cytokinesis, [1] endocytosis, [2] and apoptosis.
The number π (/ p aɪ / ⓘ; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 3.14159, that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.It appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics, and some of these formulae are commonly used for defining π, to avoid relying on the definition of the length of a curve.
[4] [5] Thus, the PI(4)P5K family now comprises just the type I.Other types are also suspected in the nervous system but have not been well reported. These enzyme synthesize diverse Phosphatidyl Inositol 4,5 bisphosphate ( PI(4,5)P2 ) by phosphorylating the D- 5 position of the inositol ring of Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [3]].
Super PI by Kanada Laboratory [101] in the University of Tokyo is the program for Microsoft Windows for runs from 16,000 to 33,550,000 digits. It can compute one million digits in 40 minutes, two million digits in 90 minutes and four million digits in 220 minutes on a Pentium 90 MHz. Super PI version 1.9 is available from Super PI 1.9 page.
Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3), abbreviated PIP 3, is the product of the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases' (PI 3-kinases) phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP 2). It is a phospholipid that resides on the plasma membrane.
The isoelectric point (pI, pH(I), IEP), is the pH at which a molecule carries no net electrical charge or is electrically neutral in the statistical mean. The standard nomenclature to represent the isoelectric point is pH(I). [1] However, pI is also used. [2] For brevity, this article uses pI.