Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
The integral has the following form for a monochromatic wave: [2] [3] [4] = [^ ^],where the integration is performed over an arbitrary closed surface S enclosing the observation point , in is the wavenumber, in is the distance from an (infinitesimally small) integral surface element to the point , is the spatial part of the solution of the homogeneous scalar wave equation (i.e., (,) = as the ...
Kirchhoff's integral theorem, sometimes referred to as the Fresnel–Kirchhoff integral theorem, [3] uses Green's second identity to derive the solution of the homogeneous scalar wave equation at an arbitrary spatial position P in terms of the solution of the wave equation and its first order derivative at all points on an arbitrary closed surface as the boundary of some volume including P.
Kirchhoff showed that in many cases, the theorem can be approximated to a simpler form that is equivalent to the formation of Fresnel's formulation. [3] For an aperture illumination consisting of a single expanding spherical wave, if the radius of the curvature of the wave is sufficiently large, Kirchhoff gave the following expression for K(χ ...
The Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral combines the Helmholtz equation with the Kirchhoff integral theorem [1] to produce a method applicable to acoustics, [2] seismology [3] and other disciplines involving wave propagation.
It can be further verified that the above identity also applies when ψ is a solution to the Helmholtz equation or wave equation and G is the appropriate Green's function. In such a context, this identity is the mathematical expression of the Huygens principle, and leads to Kirchhoff's diffraction formula and other approximations.
In fluid dynamics, the Kirchhoff equations, named after Gustav Kirchhoff, describe the motion of a rigid body in an ideal fluid. = + + +, = + +, = (~ +) = ^, = ^ where and are the angular and linear velocity vectors at the point , respectively; ~ is the moment of inertia tensor, is the body's mass; ^ is a unit normal vector to the surface of the body at the point ; is a pressure at this point ...
Not all closed-form expressions have closed-form antiderivatives; this study forms the subject of differential Galois theory, which was initially developed by Joseph Liouville in the 1830s and 1840s, leading to Liouville's theorem which classifies which expressions have closed-form antiderivatives. A simple example of a function without a ...
Step i = 0 yields the original integral. For the complete result in step i > 0 the i th integral must be added to all the previous products (0 ≤ j < i) of the j th entry of column A and the (j + 1) st entry of column B (i.e., multiply the 1st entry of column A with the 2nd entry of column B, the 2nd entry of column A with the 3rd entry of ...