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The relative permittivity (in older texts, dielectric constant) is the permittivity of a material expressed as a ratio with the electric permittivity of a vacuum. A dielectric is an insulating material, and the dielectric constant of an insulator measures the ability of the insulator to store electric energy in an electrical field.
The Bjerrum length (after Danish chemist Niels Bjerrum 1879–1958 [1]) is the separation at which the electrostatic interaction between two elementary charges is comparable in magnitude to the thermal energy scale, , where is the Boltzmann constant and is the absolute temperature in kelvins.
Another common term encountered for both absolute and relative permittivity is the dielectric constant which has been deprecated in physics and engineering [3] as well as in chemistry. [ 4 ] By definition, a perfect vacuum has a relative permittivity of exactly 1 whereas at standard temperature and pressure , air has a relative permittivity of ...
The main parameter is the dielectric constant (ε), this is often supplemented with further parameters, for example solvent surface tension. The dielectric constant is the value responsible for defining the degree of polarizability of the solvent. Generally speaking, for implicit solvents, a calculation proceeds by encapsulating a solute in a ...
PCB warning label on a power transformer known to contain PCBs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organochlorine compounds with the formula C 12 H 10−x Cl x; they were once widely used in the manufacture of carbonless copy paper, as heat transfer fluids, and as dielectric and coolant fluids for electrical equipment. [2]
Electrical breakdown in an electric discharge showing the ribbon-like plasma filaments from a Tesla coil.. In electronics, electrical breakdown or dielectric breakdown is a process that occurs when an electrically insulating material (a dielectric), subjected to a high enough voltage, suddenly becomes a conductor and current flows through it.
The Tauc–Lorentz model is a mathematical formula for the frequency dependence of the complex-valued relative permittivity, sometimes referred to as the dielectric function. The model has been used to fit the complex refractive index of amorphous semiconductor materials at frequencies greater than their optical band gap .
The Born equation can be used for estimating the electrostatic component of Gibbs free energy of solvation of an ion. It is an electrostatic model that treats the solvent as a continuous dielectric medium (it is thus one member of a class of methods known as continuum solvation methods). It was derived by Max Born. [1] [2]
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