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Anton de Bary and H. Marshall Ward had previously shown in other soft rots that the damage was partly due to breakdown of the plant cell wall structure by an unidentified enzyme and partly from the fungus killing the plant protoplasts. Brown identified fungal pectinase enzymes produced at the ends of young hyphae (filaments) as the cause of ...
The fungal cell wall is made of a chitin-glucan complex; while glucans are also found in plants and chitin in the exoskeleton of arthropods, [36] fungi are the only organisms that combine these two structural molecules in their cell wall. Unlike those of plants and oomycetes, fungal cell walls do not contain cellulose. [37] [38]
Discovered in 1998 in Australia and Panama this disease is known to kill amphibians in large numbers, and has been suggested as a principal cause for the worldwide amphibian decline. Outbreaks of the fungus were found responsible for killing much of the Kihansi Spray Toad population in its native habitat of Tanzania , [ 26 ] as well as the ...
Rhizobacteria are also able to control plant diseases that are caused by other bacteria and fungi. Disease is suppressed through induced systemic resistance and through the production of antifungal metabolites. Pseudomonas biocontrol strains have been genetically modified to improve plant growth and improve the disease resistance of ...
Cell wall-degrading enzymes: These are used to break down the plant cell wall in order to release the nutrients inside and include esterases, glycosyl hydrolases, lyases and oxidoreductases. [ 5 ] Toxins : These can be non-host-specific, which damage all plants, or host-specific, which cause damage only on a host plant.
The other disease called flacherie caused silkworms to become dark brown. Pébrine was thought to be a form of flacherie since it caused brown dots on the silkworms. [49] [56] But, Pasteur discovered Pébrine and flacherie were separate diseases. Pasteur claimed bacteria within the silkworms' intestinal track caused flacherie.
1885; Experimental proof that bacteria can cause plant diseases: Erwinia amylovora and fire blight of apple [1] 1886–1898; Recognition of plant viral diseases: Tobacco mosaic virus [1] 1889; Introduction of hot water treatment of seed for disease control by J. L. Jensen [1]
Most bacteria associated with plants are saprotrophic and do no harm to the plant itself. However, a small number, around 100 known species, cause disease, especially in subtropical and tropical regions of the world. [15] [page needed] Most plant pathogenic bacteria are bacilli. Erwinia uses cell wall–degrading enzymes to cause soft rot.