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Phorbol is a natural, plant-derived organic compound. It is a member of the tigliane family of diterpenes . Phorbol was first isolated in 1934 as the hydrolysis product of croton oil , which is derived from the seeds of the purging croton, Croton tiglium .
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a phorbol ester receptor. [2] [3] Phorbol esters can stimulate PKC in a similar way to diglycerides. [2] [3] Phorbol esters are known for their ability to promote tumors. [2] In particular, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is used as a biomedical research tool in models of carcinogenesis. [4] [5]
Phorbol esters can directly stimulate PKC. The N-terminal region of PKC, known as C1, binds PMA and DAG in a phospholipid and zinc-dependent fashion. [ 2 ] The C1 region contains one or two copies of a cysteine-rich domain, which is about 50 amino-acid residues long, and which is essential for DAG/PMA-binding.
Its milky white sap contains phorbol and other skin irritants, producing strong allergic contact dermatitis. [11] Standing beneath the tree during rain will cause blistering of the skin from mere contact with this liquid: even a small drop of rain with the sap in it will cause the skin to blister.
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), also commonly known as tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a diester of phorbol. It is a potent tumor promoter often employed in biomedical research to activate the signal transduction enzyme protein kinase C (PKC).
Pages in category "Phorbol esters" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
Croton oil is the source of the chemical compound phorbol. [7] Tumor promotion activity was traced to phorbol esters present in croton oil. [ 8 ] Pure phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate , which is found in croton oil, is widely used in laboratory research to induce tumor development.
Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) is a phorbol ester which is one of the constituents of croton oil. As an activator of protein kinase C, it is a weak tumor promoter compared to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. [1] PDBu is widely used as a chemical reagent because of its solubility in water and other organic solvents.