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In chemistry, the self-energy or Born energy of an ion is the energy associated with the field of the ion itself. [citation needed]In solid state and condensed-matter physics self-energies and a myriad of related quasiparticle properties are calculated by Green's function methods and Green's function (many-body theory) of interacting low-energy excitations on the basis of electronic band ...
The partition function of the fireballs can be written in two forms, one in terms of its density of states, (), and the other in terms of its mass spectrum, ().. The self-consistency principle says that both forms must be asymptotically equivalent for energies or masses sufficiently high (asymptotic limit).
Self-limiting may refer to: Self-limiting (biology), describing an organism or colony of organisms which limits its own growth; Governor (device), used to control the speed of mechanical equipment to prevent it from operating at unsafe speeds; Electronic speed limiter, a system set by a manufacturer or by a driver to limit the maximum speed ...
The growth of complexity eventually becomes self-limiting, and leads to a widespread "general systems collapse". Hofstadter (2006) raises concern that Ray Kurzweil is not sufficiently scientifically rigorous, that an exponential tendency of technology is not a scientific law like one of physics, and that exponential curves have no "knees". [ 85 ]
The measurement, known as entropymetry, [82] is done on a closed system with constant number of particles and constant volume , and it uses the definition of temperature [83] in terms of entropy, while limiting energy exchange to heat ::= (), = The resulting relation describes how entropy changes when a small amount of energy is introduced into ...
The maximum power principle can be stated: During self-organization, system designs develop and prevail that maximize power intake, energy transformation, and those uses that reinforce production and efficiency. (H.T. Odum 1995, p. 311)...the maximum power principle ... states that systems which maximize their flow of energy survive in competition.
The second law has been expressed in many ways. Its first formulation, which preceded the proper definition of entropy and was based on caloric theory, is Carnot's theorem, formulated by the French scientist Sadi Carnot, who in 1824 showed that the efficiency of conversion of heat to work in a heat engine has an upper limit.
The thermodynamic limit is essentially a consequence of the central limit theorem of probability theory. The internal energy of a gas of N molecules is the sum of order N contributions, each of which is approximately independent, and so the central limit theorem predicts that the ratio of the size of the fluctuations to the mean is of order 1/N 1/2.