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The Fenian raids were a series of incursions carried out by the Fenian Brotherhood, an Irish republican organization based in the United States, on military fortifications, customs posts and other targets in Canada (then part of British North America) in 1866, and again from 1870 to 1871.
English: Photograph of the Red Sashes with the captured Fenian Cannon, 1870. Front row - Asa Westover, Andrew Ten Eyck, Arthur Gilmour, Charles Galer and J. G. Pell. Back row - James Westover and Allen Hogaboon. (Missisquoi Historical Society Collections)
John Charles O'Neill (9 March 1834 – 8 January 1878) was an Irish-born officer in the American Civil War and member of the Fenian Brotherhood. O'Neill is best known for his activities leading the Fenian raids on Canada in 1866 and 1871. [1]
The Battle of Ridgeway (sometimes the Battle of Lime Ridge or Limestone Ridge [nb 1]) was fought in the vicinity of the town of Fort Erie across the Niagara River from Buffalo, New York, near the village of Ridgeway, Canada West, currently Ontario, Canada, on June 2, 1866, between Canadian troops and an irregular army of Irish-American invaders, the Fenians.
After giving an understanding that he would not return to Ireland, in effect his exile, Rossa was released as part of the Fenian Amnesty of 1870. Boarding the ship SS Cuba, he left for the United States with his friend John Devoy and three other exiles. Together they were dubbed "The Cuba Five".
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The Fenian Movement in the United States, 1858–86 (Catholic University of America Press, 1947) Jenkins, Brian. Fenians and Anglo-American Relations during Reconstruction (Cornell University Press, 1969). Jenkins, Brian, The Fenian Problem: Insurgency and Terrorism in a Liberal State, 1858–1874 (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press. 2008).
William L. Haskin (May 31, 1841 – September 24, 1931) was a career officer in the United States Army.A Union Army veteran of the American Civil War, Haskin took part in the quashing of the 1866 and 1870 Fenian raids, when Irish nationalists attempted to organize in the United States, then invade the British dominion of Canada.