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For example, in 1742, Émilie du Châtelet wrote, "Dead force consists of a simple tendency to motion: such is that of a spring ready to relax; living force is that which a body has when it is in actual motion." In modern terminology, "dead force" and "living force" correspond to potential energy and kinetic energy respectively. [136]
A single force acting at any point O′ of a rigid body can be replaced by an equal and parallel force F acting at any given point O and a couple with forces parallel to F whose moment is M = Fd, d being the separation of O and O′. Conversely, a couple and a force in the plane of the couple can be replaced by a single force, appropriately ...
The first important work on force control was published in 1980 by John Kenneth Salisbury at Stanford University. [2] In it, he describes a method for active stiffness control, a simple form of impedance control. However, the method does not yet allow a combination with motion control, but here force control is performed in all spatial directions.
Force control – Force control is given by the machine; Force gauge – Instrument for measuring force; Orders of magnitude (force) – Comparison of a wide range of physical forces; Parallel force system – Situation in mechanical engineering; Rigid body – Physical object which does not deform when forces or moments are exerted on it
The components of force vary with coordinate systems; the energy value is the same in all coordinate systems. [5]: xxv Force requires an inertial frame of reference; [6]: 65 once velocities approach the speed of light, special relativity profoundly affects mechanics based on forces. In action principles, relativity merely requires a different ...
If <, the output force is less than the input, but the distance moved by the load is greater than the distance moved by the input force. In the screw, which uses rotational motion, the input force should be replaced by the torque, and the velocity by the angular velocity the shaft is turned.
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Maximum force of a molecular motor [8] 10 −11 10 −10 ~160 pN Force to break a typical noncovalent bond [8] 10 −9 nanonewton (nN) ~1.6 nN Force to break a typical covalent bond [8] 10 −8 ~82nN Force on an electron in a hydrogen atom [1] 10 −7 ~200nN Force between two 1 meter long conductors, 1 meter apart by an outdated definition of ...